Prevalence of acquired AmpC beta-lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae lacking inducible chromosomal ampC genes at a Spanish hospital from 1999 to 2007. This plasmid-acquired cephalosporinase has been reported for the first time in a P. mirabilis isolate in 2005 in France (Bidet et al., 2005) and in Korea (Yong et al., 2005). Indeed, the MIC of ertapenem (0.25 μg/mL) and meropenem (0.75 μg/mL) remain within the sensitivity range defined by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) (Table 1). All these studies suggest that CTX-Ms are gradually spreading among P. mirabilis isolates as for other Enterobacterales. However, nearly all the β-lactamases arsenal that has been reported in Enterobacterales has also be described in Proteus spp. doi: 10.1128/aac.31.3.379, Mojica, M. F., Bonomo, R. A., and Fast, W. (2016). 61, 1727–1735. Proteus is a member of the tribe Proteeae, which also includes Morganella and Providencia. Transferable imipenem resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The blaKPC genes are most commonly located on transferable plasmids of different sizes and structures, within transposons of Tn3 type, Tn4401 (Naas et al., 2008). doi: 10.1093/jac/39.1.85. Growing group of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: the CTX-M enzymes. J. Antimicrob. isolated in Moscow, Russia. The structure of beta-lactamases. Antimicrob. 51, 2359–2365. Clin. Identification of plasmid-encoded cephalosporinase ACC-1 among various enterobacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella) isolated from a Tunisian hospital (Sfax 997-2000). High prevalence of SXT/R391-related integrative and conjugative elements carrying blaCMY-2 in Proteus mirabilis isolates from gulls in the south of France. Identification of porins in outer membrane of Proteus, Morganella, and Providencia spp. Antimicrob. Initially identified in a K. pneumoniae isolate from the US (Yigit et al., 2001), KPC-2 and variants went global, becoming the most common carbapenemase that has disseminated widely among Enterobacterales (Naas et al., 2008) P. aeruginosa (Wolter et al., 2009) and more rarely in A. baumannii (Robledo et al., 2010). Rev. Then, dissemination of DHA-1-producing K. pneumoniae has been reported in Taiwan in 2002 (Yan et al., 2002). View all The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Infect. Imipenem resistance in clinical isolates of Proteus mirabilis associated with alterations in penicillin-binding proteins. Agents Chemother. (2003). 18, E52–E54. 48, 94–95. More recently, Österblad et al. Med. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2005.04520.x, Evans, B. Antimicrob. Emergence of Proteus mirabilis isolates producing TEM-52 extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in Croatia. (1994). Surgery can also be used if stones block your kidney. (2002). The β-lactamase genes and their orientation are represented by black arrows and ISs by black triangles. (2017) showed the chromosomal localization of blaCMY–2 and blaDHA–16 genes in Morganellaceae isolates collected from pets. Copyright © 2020 Girlich, Bonnin, Dortet and Naas. 1 Class 1 and class 2 integrons are those most frequently encountered in P. mirabilis. Properties of three carbenicillin-hydrolysing beta-lactamases (CARB) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa: identification of a new enzyme. doi: 10.1007/s100960000386, Girlich, D., Naas, T., Bellais, S., Poirel, L., Karim, A., and Nordmann, P. (2000b). Mobilization of the blaCMY–2 gene by integrative and conjugative islands (ICE) has also been described in Asia (Li et al., 2016), Spain (Mata et al., 2011), and France (Aberkane et al., 2016), in Proteus isolates from humans (Harada et al., 2010) or from livestock, wild animals and pets. h�b```�r�P!b`��0p,``PT`uh`���S����k��fGy}ۀ�M�TXxrO�y�z���Zj�/.�uZ~���ɿ�����ѐ�@��������������`�@���7�*��@eTf�g0���e0x�İ�ѐ�����B��)�m�`��0p��X�� m,�����`.#7@� PjE� Identification and characterization of the first Escherichia coli strain carrying NDM-1 gene in China. (2009). There are complex types of integrons, which in addition to the 5′CS and the 3′CS contain the insertion sequences (ISs), ISCR1 (previously known as orf513) as explained in the following sections, and a partially duplicated 3′CS (Figures 2, 3) (Mokracka et al., 2012). Novel plasmid-mediated beta-lactamase from Escherichia coli that inactivates oxyimino-cephalosporins. Antimicrob. Antimicrob. Rather, some evidence suggest that the imipenem resistance reflects changes in penicillin binding proteins (PBP2) (Villar, 1997). Providencia spp., and Morganella spp., which both formerly belonged to Proteae sub-family, have been separated from the Proteus genus in 1978, and Proteus myxofaciens, never isolated from clinical samples, was proposed to be a member of a new genus, Cosenzaea gen. nov. in 2011 (Giammanco et al., 2011). (2011) study, while qepA was detected only in 3.2% of these strains. The blaKPC–2 gene was located on 45–54 kb conjugative plasmids, surrounded by ISKpn8 and ISKpn6-like, as the structure described in K. pneumoniae KP048 (Shen et al., 2009) (Figure 3). FOX-5-producing P. mirabilis isolates have been detected only once in the United States in 2002 (Moland et al., 2006). J. Clin. New plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance gene, qnrC, found in a clinical isolate of Proteus mirabilis. Concerning antibiotic resistance determinants, similarly to Salmonella spp., P. mirabilis carries integrative and conjugative elements (ICEPm) and other ICEs in the SXT/R391 family that can self-replicate and self-transfer to other strains and species, transferring virulence genes and antibiotic resistance. Antimicrob. Curr. In fact, the most effective antibiotics for Proteus mirabilis were Peflacine, Ciproxin, Cefuroxine and Ofloxacin while for Proteus morganii were Cloxacillin, Genticin and Cefuroxime. doi: 10.1128/jcm.41.9.4264-4269.2003, Papagiannitsis, C. C., Miriagou, V., Kotsakis, S. D., Tzelepi, E., Vatopoulos, A. C., Petinaki, E., et al. Detection of KPC-2 in a clinical isolate of Proteus mirabilis and first reported description of carbapenemase resistance caused by a KPC beta-lactamase in P. mirabilis. EcoSal Plus 8: doi: 10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0009-2017, Arpin, C., Dubois, V., Coulange, L., André, C., Fischer, I., Noury, P., et al. 44, 222–225. The first CTX-M-producing P. mirabilis CTX-M-55, was isolated in 2013 from a macaque imported from Vietnam to France in 2011 (Dahmen et al., 2013). The “New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1” (NDM-1) was initially identified in 2008 in a K. pneumoniae isolate recovered from a patient repatriated from India. doi: 10.7883/yoken.67.44, de Champs, C., Bonnet, R., Sirot, D., Chanal, C., and Sirot, J. P. mirabilis is the most commonly isolated species from clinical samples, with 90% being from urinary tract infection (UTIs), but also from extra-intestinal infections such as respiratory, eye, ear, nose, skin, burn, meningoencephalitis, osteomyelitis and wound infections (Schaffer and Pearson, 2015). In 2002–2006, TEM-type ESBLs were supplanted by CTX-Ms in 85, 71, and 43% of E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and P. mirabilis positive ESBL strains, respectively (Jones et al., 2009). J. Infect. Antimicrob. 12, 691–694. Agents Chemother. Antibiogram - Proteus mirabilis; Number of Isolates Identified - 404; ... Each antibiotic is presented in three columns. Only one qnrA-producing isolate has been recovered among 1,468 Enterobacterales collected in patients hospitalized in France from 2002 to 2005 (19 P. mirabilis in total). The Salmonella genomic island 1 is an integrative mobilizable element. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2005.01178.x, Biedenbach, D. J., Bouchillon, S. K., Hoban, D. J., Hackel, M., Phuong, D. M., Nga, T. T. T., et al. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkr286, Matsumoto, Y., Ikeda, F., Kamimura, T., Yokota, Y., and Mine, Y. However, strains resistant to antibiotics are increasingly reported, which complicates the treatment of infections caused by Proteus spp. Yong et al. Determination of a novel integron-located variant (blaOXA -320) of class D β-lactamase in Proteus mirabilis: a novel integron-located blaOXA- 320 in Proteus mirabilis. Prevalence of carbapenemases in P. mirabilis is still low, nevertheless, it tends to increase over time worldwide. doi: 10.1093/jac/38.2.183, Bret, L., Chanal-Claris, C., Sirot, D., Chaibi, E. B., Labia, R., and Sirot, J. High prevalence and molecular characterization of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Proteus mirabilis strains in southern Croatia. 16, 125–129. Agents Chemother. (2019). The blaTEM–3 gene was located on a conjugative plasmid of 47-kb (Mariotte et al., 1994). A blaVEB-1 variant, blaVEB-6, associated with repeated elements in a complex genetic structure. (2017). More worryingly, two studies showed the simultaneous diffusion of carbapenemase genes (blaIMP–6) with blaCTX–M–2 in Japan (Ohno et al., 2017) and blaOXA–48 with blaCTX–M–14 in Palestine (Chen et al., 2015) (Figure 3). The presence of PER-1 in P. mirabilis is anecdotal: one strain has been described in Spain [among fecal Enterobacterales (Philippon et al., 2016)], another was responsible for an outbreak in one hospital in Italy (Pagani et al., 2003). The first reported OXA-23-producing (formerly ARI-1) isolate was a carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii detected in Scotland in 1985 (Paton et al., 1993). Microbiol. 45, 537–539. As other MBLs, this enzyme confers resistance to carbapenems and all β-lactams with the exception of aztreonam (Yong et al., 2009). The 112-kb plasmids identified in P. mirabilis and E. coli carrying blaACC–1 did not carry the ampR gene upstream of blaACC–1 and the production of this cephalosporinase was constitutive (Girlich et al., 2000a). Proteus mirabilis, according to the study of resistance Paul Ehrlich Society for Chemotherapy 26% of the strains to ampicillin and cotrimoxazole (COTRIM etc.) J. Antimicrob. High prevalence of CTX-M-1 group in ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae infection in intensive care units in southern Chile. These enzymes are classified into five major phylogenic groups: CTX-M-1, CTX-M-2, CTX-M-8, CTX-M-9, and CTX-M-25 (Bonnet, 2004). Stock, I. Microbiol. & Enterobacter spp. In France in 2012, the blaVEB–6 gene was reported together with the NDM-1 carbapenemase encoding gene in a novel island called “Proteus genomic island, PGI1-PmPEL” in a P. mirabilis strain isolated from the urine of a patient previously hospitalized in Switzerland (Girlich et al., 2015) (Figures 1, 3 and Table 1). 14:46. Agents Chemother. Agents 41, 594–595. J. Antimicrob. nov., Pectobacteriaceae fam. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase in Proteus mirabilis. (1995). Chemother. Agents Chemother. 33, 757–784. (2002). It shows swarming motility and urease activity. In the study of Bret et al. 15, 593–600. Key words: Proteus mirabilis, antibiotic resistance, and plasmid curing Introduction P. mirabilis identified as an opportunistic pathogen and its major causative agent of complicated UTI, it’s rarely associated with UTI in patients that are otherwise considered healthy. 11, 591–592. Chemother. Proteus spp. (2009). HMS-1 is a β-lactamase that was characterized as IRT in a strain of P. mirabilis in 1990 by Thomson et al. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkh486, Knothe, H., Shah, P., Krcmery, V., Antal, M., and Mitsuhashi, S. (1983). doi: 10.1128/aac.34.4.622, Tibbetts, R., Frye, J. G., Marschall, J., Warren, D., and Dunne, W. (2008). IMP-1 was originally described in a strain of P. aeruginosa in Japan in 1991 (Watanabe et al., 1991). doi: 10.1128/aac.47.1.19-26.2003, Nagano, N., Shibata, N., Saitou, Y., Nagano, Y., and Arakawa, Y. 53, 465–475. (2002). 18, E144–E148. Int. They are extrachromosomal, double-stranded, circular DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication and sometimes also transfer (oriT). B., and Gimbrère, J. S. (1986). Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46, 196–202. Emergence of extensively drug-resistant Proteus mirabilis harboring a conjugative NDM-1 plasmid and a novel Salmonella genomic island 1 variant, SGI1-Z.
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