"y" : "31%", Secondary loop: brine with 25 HP circulating pump. With almost 50 years of experience, Thompson Rink Equipment is a trusted authority on curling ice maintenance.We continually upgrade our existing line-up of rink equipment and take great pride in designing new ones that make perfect ice even easier to … Safety classification consists of two alphanumeric characters (e.g., A2 or B1). Report No. A door giving direct access to the exterior of the building. The compressor horsepower is estimated based on design conditions. Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999, Legislative framework for pollution prevention, Environmental Emergency Regulations of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999, All refrigerants considered to be hazardous substances, Requirements concerning the declaration of hazardous substances and the description of the relative contingency plan, Ozone-Depleting Substances Regulations, 1998, Requirements for the manufacture, distribution and use of ODS for the purpose of phasing them out, Ban on the import and use of ODS as of 2030, Prevention Guide for the handling and storing as well as protective and preventive measures for risks associated with the use of refrigeration systems, Protecting people and property against disasters, Manufacture, installation, repair and use of pressurized systems, Determining how refrigeration systems are supervised, Replacement of faulty compressor (if no maintenance). The overall COP represents an easy method of comparing the energy performance of complex systems. When the sensors detect a dangerous level of CO2 in a room, an alarm should be triggered and the room evacuated. This study presents a significant number of data and information useful for ice rink owners who plan to renovate a refrigeration system. As for all other refrigerants, the key to a safe system is to design, install and operate the system having identified, evaluated and disposed of all dangers by relying on well-trained personnel to design and operate the refrigeration system. The table below reflects this assessment: Approximately 28% of the total cooling load in a typical ice arena or curling rink is due to infrared radiation. In addition, effects on the ozone layer and the potential for greenhouse gases are also important considerations to take into account for the choice of refrigerant. Only one ice rink in use 9 months per year - Operating hours: 6:00 a.m. to 12:00 midnight. CO2 arena refrigeration facilities include risks because of the important volumes of refrigerant, high pressures, low temperatures, the behaviour of this gas if released in the enclosure of the arena and the presence of a potentially vulnerable population (children on skates) that would make difficult the rapid application of an emergency plan. The channel that contains the CO2 collector is arranged along the axis of the length of ice. Facilities equipped with ammonia refrigeration systems are safe when properly designed and when their safety is assured by an operational security program. The life cycle affects routine maintenance costs and the residual value of the equipment after 20 years of operation. CO2 refrigeration systems (R744) are resuming their place because they have a neutral impact on the addition of greenhouse gases and because new engineering concepts have made their operations more energy efficient. The design stage is crucial to ensuring the performance, reliability and security of a refrigeration system. We specialize in the design, manufacturing and installation of highly efficient refrigeration and energy recovery systems. Some consider that CO2 is a long-term solution to arena refrigeration in a concept of sustainable development of this sector. The spaces where CO2 is used, or could potentially be present, must have sensors with alarms to determine the levels of CO2 and O2 so that attendees can be alerted and the space can be adequately ventilated. The picture shows a fan which directs the exhaust towards the roof. The diagram shows the system A4, an open packaged system with economiser port on the compressors. means "not available". The replacement of circulating pump motors is also included. Be sure to check out UsedRinkEquipment.com as well for many high quality used rink and arena products. At the point of release, the gas is heavy i.e. To defrost the skating surface, the brine water is heated and pumped through the ice-bearing concrete slab. A risk management analysis has also been conducted, which was outsourced to an expert, JP Lacoursière Inc., for each of the three refrigerant categories - ammonia, CO2reventative measures as well as mitigation measures in the event of an accident. "text" : "Berg Controller
\ Ammonia systems resume their place because they are effective and represent a long-term solution for sustainable development of the arena sector. However, HFCs are the subject of a debate on propositions wanting to reduce their production in the medium term, due to their negative impact on greenhouse effect. Install a neutralization tank to receive the relief valves discharge to prevent the release of ammonia from this source. Consider the position and direction of the exhaust air from the class T machinery room that could affect the nearby residents and prevent free access to the building for first responders (firemen, civil protection) and evacuate the arena in case of leakage of ammonia. Commercial and institutional buildings that have refrigeration systems, such as arenas, curling rinks, supermarkets and refrigerated warehouses, are a primary source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, partly because of their high energy consumption and use of synthetic refrigerants. The AEGL2 and ERPG2 are usually used to identify areas that should have emergency planning.Footnote 2. Liquid CO2 is pumped into the network of tubing which is buried into the floor of the rink. It would probably require at least 2 minutes before the fan would be functional and this fan, located at the roof of the building, would be inefficient for extracting a heavy gas that has accumulated near the ground. Increase refrigeration system efficiency by using a 21°C condenser temperature, weather permitting. CO2 is neither more nor less safe than other refrigerants, but it has its advantages and disadvantages. Canada, Cat. Figure 6 presents the same scenario as shown in Figure 5, except that the exhaust is directed vertically upwards with a discharge velocity of 26 m/s. The safe inspection and maintenance of refrigeration system equipment shall be provided in at least one of the following ways: Each machinery room shall have a door or doors that open outward, are self-closing (and tight fitting if they open into the building), and are of a number large enough to ensure that persons can escape in an emergency. Identify people outside the arena that should be alerted during an emergency. A dry fluid cooler is sized to meet the entire heat rejection requirements of the system. Operates without a refrigerant receiver (45 kg or 0.3 kg/tonne of refrigeration), refrigerant confined to the mechanical room. This table shows the main physical characteristics of the twelve options. The last three programs are still offered at the time of publication of this document. Figure 1 shows a conventional refrigeration system without heat recovery. CO2 is odorless and colorless so that concentrations can be high without anyone being aware of it unless you have a detection system. Working with refrigeration inherently comes with risks, and trained professionals have the knowledge and equipment to accommodate for these dangers. Potential Dangers of CO2 Refrigerated Facilities. Most refrigeration systems are nearing the end of their useful life and require major renovations or replacement. Part 1: Details of regulated work or regulated product The scope of this Safety Order includes all ammonia refrigeration plants that exceed 5 kW capacity, that are of the indirect system type, and that are installed in a facility that is classified as a public assembly occupancy, which includes ice rinks and curling rinks. An ammonia refrigeration system located inside a building must be installed in a class T machinery room. Examination of the curling brine chiller after the incident identified the source of the leak as a carbon-steel tube failure within the curling system brine chiller. Inventaire des travaux de rénovation des arénas et centres de curling au Québec (2010-2020), Mels 2010. http://www.dspq.qc.ca/asp/detPublication.asp?id=4845. This plan covers communications provided to the population, alert, evacuation, sheltering, response. Prestartup safety reviews: Make prestart safety reviews before start-up after prolonged shutdown, repairs or modifications to facilities. Integrated heating and cooling solutions have become essential to ensuring lower long-term energy costs as well as minimizing greenhouse gas emissions. The methodology used to obtain or to determine the components of this study can be summarized as follows: All systems studied were analyzed as though they were installed and operated in the same building. Innovative concepts are appearing on the market and are generating great interest from ice rink owners and managers. The following clauses from Chapter 6 of the Mechanical Refrigeration Code (CSA B52-05) are reproduced for purposes of understanding the infrastructures where we find HFC refrigeration equipment. and parts replacement and minor costs necessary to maintaining the system in good operating condition. A dry fluid cooler is sized to meet the heat rejection requirements of the system. Increased efficiency of refrigeration system by reducing the condenser temperature down to 13.5oC, weather permitting. Please note that #A2 using ammonia-based refrigerant will serve as a basis of comparison for the other 11 systems studied. The simulation of accidental leakage of CO2 is a challenge because of its thermodynamic behaviour, including its phase diagram. Complete heat recovery from the refrigeration system accomplished through one heat exchanger: desuperheat from the compressor discharge and the system condenser heat rejection. Work is carried out across Canada, in the United States and off-shore. Curling sheets are 14' x 146' but are usually laid out at 15' x150' Refrigeration Load can range from 45 to 300 tons for an arena A Dual rink Design with Supporting Recreational Facilities Diagram H2: Packaged semi-hermetic system with economiser port on compressors. Use welding procedures that allow a rigorous inspection of welds. The column indicating error rate on 95% show the variation on the total present value resulting from a plus or minus variation of the inflation rates as indicated in Table 8. Supervision of the work is crucial to ensuring a quality facility, a quick start-up and efficient long-term operation. Completely pre-assembled refrigeration systems operating with ammonia or HFC and ready to be placed in a mechanical room; some even include thermal storage. The rupture of a 1/2" liquid CO2 pipe at the same level as the gutter where are located the distribution and return headers can lead to an accumulation of gas in excess of 30 000 ppm in the lower parts of the arena including the players’ bench, the ice rink and lower rows of the spectator benches. The refrigeration equipment draws electricity; the highest ongoing non-labour cost in arenas. Used for over 130 years as a refrigerant, ammonia was gradually supplanted by chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), but is now regaining importance since the adoption of the Montreal and Kyoto protocols, which seek a total ban of CFCs over the next 10 years. The last option to consider is maintaining the status quo (continue using R22). They are now good options for air conditioning systems in cars. Dry fluid cooler sized to meet the entire heat rejection requirements of the system. Support Program for the Replacement or Modification of Refrigeration Systems using R-12 or R-22 in Quebec Ice Rinks and Curling Facilities, offered by the. A heat pump upgrades the energy recovered by the system to meet space heating needs. The gas will thus have a tendency to stratify in the lower parts of areas before being dissipated. Make sure the cooling system is not reset automatically after detection of ammonia. The initial investment cost for a new system is assumed to be entirely spent at year 0. HFCs, which were developed to replace CFCs and HCFCs, do not destroy the ozone layer but are known as powerful greenhouse gases. Packaged R-507a refrigeration system, factory assembled on a steel base. Consider removing and / or replacing the sight glass by metal column level detectors and magnetic float. compressors, plate coolers. The elements of the program presented in the following paragraphs are based on recommended practices by IIAR. A dry fluid cooler is sized to meet the entire heat rejection requirements of the system. The wind induces recirculation in two zones, firstly a roof recirculation zone and a secondly, the recirculation zone due to wake. The willingness and ability to rigorously manage the risks that some options may present. The system includes a plate heat exchanger to cool the brine circulating in the ice and a glycol solution heat exchanger used for heating the enclosure and for hot water. Vibration generated by the compressors may cause rupture of brazed joints. }, { Dismantling, cleaning, inspection, replacement of sealing joints, etc. The larger kits begin at a price point of $47,000. Given the impact they have on operating costs and GHG emissions, energy efficiency and heat recovery are essential in new facilities or when renovating or replacing existing systems. A direct, induced draft, counter-flow cooling tower is sized to meet the entire heat rejection requirements of the system. Berg sales engineers stay up-to-date with the leading technology, best practices, and the need for customer safety. The 30-year life cycle used in this study is inferior to what most equipment manufacturers consider it to be; this restriction is mostly due to the technology being considered obsolete at the end of the life cycle period. Setting up the ammonia condenser inside the Class  T mechanical room when there are residents (people permanently or sporadically present in homes, buildings, schools, hospitals, shopping malls, parks, bridges, walkways, etc.) For example, the titanium shell and plate evaporator of Item #13 displays a replacement frequency of 30 years, even if the equipment life cycle could be much higher. Packaged ammonia refrigeration system, open screw compressor, factory assembled on a steel base. The rupture of a hot CO2 pipe from the compressors and feeding the air heaters could lead to an accumulation of CO2 in excess of 30 000 ppm in the lower parts of the arena. Chilliwack Collesium, Chilliwack, BC. Stability at conditions of use is an essential property. Excellent sealing against refrigerant leaks requiring little maintenance. Steps for Refrigeration Load Calculation for Ice Rink. This Publication is distributed for informational purposes only and does not necessarily reflect the views of the Government of Canada. CanmetENERGY in Varennes, near Montreal, provides scientific and technical expertise in the following areas: Approximately 110 scientists, engineers, technologists, managers and support staff employees manage programs and provide science and technology (S&T) services. A fire or explosion resulting from a deflagration or powered by the refrigerant or lubricating oil. The table below reflects this assessment: Approximately 28% of the total cooling load in a typical ice arena or curling rink is due to infrared radiation. The ANSI/IIAR 2-2008 specifies in article 13.3.7.1 « All exhaust fans shall discharge up vertically with a minimum discharge velocity of 12.7 m/s (2 500 FPM). On-site laser welding reduces the risk of CO2 leakage into the arena. The annuity calculated in this table represents the annual loan repayment over 20 years, covering all costs for acquisition, operation, maintenance and training. • Zamboni Water
\ Two pass network, Heat recovery: Desuperheater for heating water for showers and ice surfacing, Energy consumed by the cooling towers, condensers, cooling gas or fluid, Energy consumed by secondary fluid pumps (brine, glycol or other), Energy consumed by the auxiliary cooling system for CO. Refrigeration system with all its components in original and unused condition. "x" : "3%", High pressures, sometimes more than 100 bar (1 450 psig) with potential catastrophic failure. by a mobile device(s) for lifting personnel to the equipment. The operational security program includes elements such as equipment information, appropriate hazard assessments, mechanical integrity, management of changes, management of subcontractors, training of operation and maintenance staff, post-incident investigations, records of accidents and incidents, emergency plans and compliance audits. After taking into account the behaviour of CO2 following a liquid or gas leak, it can be concluded that: In failure to confine the CO2 in the machinery room, it is recommended to: Development of a Risk Management Guide for Designers of Arena Refrigeration System using Halocarbons as Refrigerants, Jean-Paul Lacoursière, Eng., Stéphanie Lacoursière, Eng., M. Eng. How do the various types of systems compare in terms of performance and cost? CanmetENERGY in Varennes A summary of this program follows. All refrigerant types used in ice rinks pose risks to human health and/or safety. Consider not providing access to the class T machinery room by a corridor connecting directly from the arena to this room to prevent migration of ammonia towards the arena in case of a leak. Professional fees for the study, design and supervision of the work, assumed at 10% of the acquisition costs before funding. In addition to the energy improvements previously described, ice rink refrigeration systems are not immune to technological innovations. The objectives to pursue in order to achieve inherently safe ammonia refrigeration installations are: To reach these objectives, one must proceed systematically by preforming the following three steps: A hazards study is a systematic evaluation to identify dangerous situations associated with a process in order to evaluate its importance. Gaining a better understanding of the behaviour pattern of the CO2 after a leak either liquid or gas through the simulations, it is recommended to confine the CO2 within the mechanical room and using secondary fluids to refrigerate the skating pad and to meet the space heating demands of the arena and adjoining spaces. In October 2007, Curlplex Obihiro was opened in Hokkaido, the Northern island of Japan. In fact, the GWP (global-warming potential), which measures the importance of the greenhouse effect, shows that synthetic refrigerants have indicators ranging from 1430 to 4000 compared to the CO2 index, which is 1. 11 Tips for Shutting Down an Ice Rink Refrigeration System . This type of system requires no mechanical room modifications, except for perhaps installing a double door to get the system into the mechanical room. CFCs and HCFCs are partly responsible for depleting the ozone layer. CO2 Present in the Arena Enclosure – Heating of the Enclosure. Costs for option A1, A4, and A5 are adequate in municipalities that have regulations not as strict for this type of construction. The simulations were performed with PHAST (Process Hazard System Tools) software by Det Norske Veritas (DNV) v. 6.7. CO2 refrigeration systems have been widely used in more than a thousand facilities in Europe for over ten years. Residual values are discounted to convert them into present values (PV). This aspect of training is particularly important when ammonia or CO. Potential support from the Hydro-Québec program – 0.15$/kWh saved. The methodology is described in MIARC 2007 (Major Industrial Accidents Reduction Council). ammonia21.com This concept has unfortunately not been used in most refrigeration facilities that the author studied. A refrigerant composed of a single chemical substance is of Class 1 when it has no flame propagation when tested in the air at 60oC and 101.3 kPa. At this point, the three phases, e.g. Develop a process safety management program that includes the following elements . More specifically, the study encompasses the following: Financial comparisons are made by calculating the present value (PV) of all costs and the corresponding annuity. Space heating in perimeter spaces is accomplished directly through a CO2 stainless steel coil heat exchanger installed in the air handling unit, thus eliminating the need for a secondary pumping system. In C2, the CO, Considering the total energy consumption for cooling and heating, the CO. Option A5 shows a high heating COP at 21.5. The environmentally-friendly Huurre ECO ICE DX system produces both refrigeration and all the heat required at the ice arena. The refrigeration system includes the cooling of brine circulating under the slab of ice with a HFC heat exchanger located in the machinery room and the heating of the arena and the shower water by hot gaseous HFCs from the compressor discharge. > 250 ppm) would trigger the shutdown of the electrical equipment of the class T machinery room with the exception of the emergency mechanical vent. Although equipment manufacturers provide a maintenance service for refrigeration system components, their service mainly targets equipment life cycle and not civil security. This simplification does not alter the general conclusions from the simulations. In options A2 and A3, the following cost items are included: a Class T mechanical room and a minimum amount of prevention and mitigation measures against risks. The CO2 system identified as C1 emerges as being the most effective and the one identified C2, the least expensive. Coast to coast service coverage Canada and USA Contact with liquid may cause frostbite. A refrigeration system might have a very high refrigeration COP and a very low heating COP if heat recovery is not present. In the present case, the incentive has been calculated using the difference of energy consumption between the system with R22 and every other replacement systems. It operates with 100 kg of refrigerant, confined to the mechanical room. JP Lacoursière inc. They are also present in our everyday life such as in cars, refrigerators and heat pumps. "y" : "10%", Indirect refrigeration systems for food refrigeration using ammonia and CO2 are known as “Cascade systems”. Making sure that equipment controls cannot be automatically reset following a stoppage resulting from ammonia detection because of improper computer programming. Equipment with a life expectancy greater than 20 years are also assigned a residual value at the 20th year. The importance of establishing preventive maintenance programs upon system start-up is the best guarantee against failures and risks associated with pressurized systems. They are still within the possibilities of mechanical refrigeration systems used in other industries. Consequently, replacing a compressor on a refrigeration system does not determine the system’s life cycle, but rather only that of the compressor. Example calculation: considering the residual value calculated in the previous example i.e. Consider installing, as required, an ammonia detector at the inlet of the ventilation system of the arena in order to shut down this system as soon as there is ammonia detection. Use a welding method that ensures a constant level of quality. Figure 3 taken from the ASHRAE HANBOOK 1999 illustrates the phenomena associated with the use of fans. Only refrigerants ammonia and CO2 are allowed under this program. However, CO2 systems are still relatively unknown to ice rink owners due to their novelty in Quebec. At atmospheric pressure, CO2 can only exist in solid or gaseous form and cannot form liquid; under -78,4oC, it is a « dry ice » solid; at higher temperature it sublimes directly to gas. It is a packaged R-507a refrigeration system, installed on a steel base.
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